Glucan

Glucan: 

Glucans are polysaccharides, primarily composed of glucose chains that can be occasionally cross-linked and branched. They are found in the cell walls of bacteria, plants, fungi (yeasts and molds), and algae. 

 Immunomodulatory Properties: 

• Glucans, specifically (1→3)-ß-D-glucans, act as immunomodulators. 
• They are known to bind to and activate various immune cells, including NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. 
• Glucans are thought to attach to a range of cells, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. 

Biological Actions: 

• Glucans induce the production of cytokines, which play a crucial role in inflammation. 
• They are associated with processes such as nitric oxide generation, complement cascade activation, and activation of lymphocytes and macrophages. 
• Studies suggest that endotoxin and glucan can work together to boost the inflammatory response, and this combination has been explored in the treatment of certain conditions. 

 Glucan Testing: 

Methods: 

1. Subtraction Approach:

• Uses two endotoxin tests, one with a blocking material to reduce the assay’s reaction to glucans. 
• The difference between the two outcomes correlates directly with the quantity of glucan present. 

2. Direct Measuring Assay:

• A more precise, quantitative, and specific method for (1→3)-ß-D-glucans compared to the subtraction approach.